The use of rubber dam in the survival of RMGIC restorations in primary molars: a 30-month randomized controlled clinical trial

Abstract This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial with two parallel arms and the objective was to compare the survival of resin modified glass ionomer (RMGIC) restorations in primary teeth using rubber dam or cotton roll isolation after a 30-month follow-up period. Ninety-two children (mean age 6.8 ± 1.37) and 200 primary molars with occlusal or occluso-proximal cavitated dentin caries lesions were randomly assigned into two groups: cotton rolls and rubber dam. All lesions were restored using RMGIC (RIVA Light Cure) after selective caries removal. Restorative failure and lesion arrestment were evaluated by two independent, trained, and calibrated examiners through clinical and radiographic examinations. The Kaplan-Meier test was used to assess the survival of restorations and Cox regression was used to assess the association of risk factors with restorative failure. There was no significant difference in survival rates between groups (p = 0.17). Older age (HR = 2.81 [95%CI: 1.47-5.44]) and higher rate of gingival bleeding (HR = 0.47 [95%CI: 0.23-0.99]) were associated with restorative failure. No patient had painful symptoms, pulp outcomes, or radiographic changes compatible with lesion progression. The use of rubber dam isolation did not increase the survival rate of occlusal and occluso-proximal restorations using RMGIC in primary molars after 30 months of follow-up. Since the survival is not influenced by the type of isolation, the professional can safely choose the appropriate technique for each case, considering his experience and preferences, as well as those of the patient.

Influence of the cervical margin relocation on stress distribution - a finite element analysis on lower first molar restored by direct nano-ceramic composite

Aim: Evaluate the influence of the cervical margin relocation (CMR) on stress distribution in the lower first molar restored with direct nano-ceramic composite (zenit). Methods: A 3D model of the lower first molar was modeled and used. Standardized mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) preparation consisted in two models used in this study with mesial subgingival margin in model II. (CMR) was applied in model II using flowable composite or resin glass ionomer (Riva). Both models were restored with nanoceramic composite and then subjected to six runs (2 for the model I and 4 for model II) with load (100N) as two load cases, one at (11º) and other at (45º) from the vertical axis. The stress distributions (FEA) in the final restoration and (CMR) material were analyzed using 3D models. Results: The two models recorded an equivalent Von Mises stress and Total deformation in the final restoration, regardless of the difference in the oblique angle incidence from (11º to 45º) or the type of the material used for (CMR) there was no significant difference in the (FEA) between the model with CMR (model II) and the model without CMR (model I). Conclusions: (CMR) technique seems to be biomechanically beneficial with high eccentric applied stress, (CMR) with resin glass ionomer or flowable composite resin in combination with nanoceramic composite improved the biomechanical behavior of (MOD) cavities extended below cement enamel junction (CMR) with high modulus elasticity material like (Riva) exhibits a more uniform stress distribution

Assessment of Bite Forces in Restored Teeth with Different Commonly Used Restorative Materials: A Comparative Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and compare bite force (BF) in permanent first molars restored with glass ionomer cement (GIC), composite and amalgam, and normal contralateral permanent first molars. Material and Methods: BF was recorded in decayed permanent first molars, which were filled with GIC (n=30), composite (n=30), and amalgam (n=30), and in healthy contralateral first molars (n=90) with Force Transducer Occlusal Force Meter and compared. Results: BF was significantly higher in normal teeth on the contralateral side compared to teeth restored with GIC and composite. However, in patients with amalgam restoration, though it was less compared to that on the contralateral side, it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Restoring teeth with various filling materials may improve bite force. In the present study, it was found that the teeth restored with amalgam had higher bite forces in comparison to the other restorative materials used. However, it was not comparable to that observed in the normal tooth (control) on the contralateral side.

Materiais restauradores em odontopediatria: preferência de pais e crianças e análise bibliométrica-altimétrica / Restorative materials in pediatric dentistry: children's and adults' preference and bibliometric-altmetric analysis

Atualmente, diversos materiais restauradores encontram-se disponíveis para aplicabilidade em Odontopediatria. Os avanços dos materiais restauradores conduzem à necessidade de novos estudos nessa temática. O presente estudo apresenta duas propostas de investigação: 1) Estudo transversal com objetivo de avaliar a preferência de pais/responsáveis e crianças quanto ao emprego do compômero colorido (Twinky Star®, Voco, Alemanha); 2) Estudo bibliométrico altimétrico com objetivo de analisar 50 artigos mais citados referente aos materiais restauradores utilizados em Odontopediatria e o alcance dessa informação científica nas mídias on-line. O estudo transversal envolveu 260 pares de pais/responsáveis e crianças de 5 a 11 anos de idade de dois serviços de saúde da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte-MG. Exame quanto à cárie dentária foi realizado por examinadora calibrada para o critério da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Um manequim odontológico contendo restaurações com compômeros coloridos e materiais convencionais (resina composta, ionômero de vidro e amálgama) foi apresentado aos participantes do estudo e realizou-se inquérito sobre a preferência dos materiais dentários. O Questionário de Estilo e Dimensões dos Pais (PSDQ) e o Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Junior (EPQ-J) foram aplicados, este último apenas para pais/responsáveis de crianças de 5 e 6 anos de idade. Análises descritivas, bivariadas e regressão multivariada de Poisson foram realizadas. A maioria dos pais/responsáveis (74,2%) preferiu materiais convencionais. A idade da criança (p=0,006), a renda familiar (p= 0,001) e o nível de escolaridade (p< 0,001) associaram se a essa escolha. A análise multivariada demonstrou que crianças menores de 7 anos apresentaram 1,20 vezes maior probabilidade de escolher compômeros coloridos do que seus pares mais velhos (p< 0,001), assim como pais/responsáveis com menos de 11 anos de escolaridade e cujos filhos eram menores de 7 anos apresentaram 2,17 e 1,74 maior probabilidade para escolher compômeros coloridos, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que responsáveis com maior escolaridade apresentaram maior resistência às restaurações coloridas e crianças menores de 7 anos aceitaram melhor este material. O estudo bibliométrico-altimétrico adotou estratégia de busca em três bases (Web of Science, Scopus e Google Scholar), independente da data de publicação. Após seleção dos artigos por um grupo de cinco pesquisadores, em março de 2023, foram incluídos estudos que avaliassem qualquer material restaurador empregado em dentes decíduos e analisados dados referentes ao título, número de citações, país/continente, autoria, periódico, instituição, desenho do estudo, tipo de material restaurador, e escore altimétrico. Os artigos, publicados entre 1991 a 2002, apresentaram variação de citações de 19 a 113. Os autores com maior número de citações foram Qvist V e Teglers PT. O estudo experimental foi o principal delineamento de estudo observado e o cimento de ionomero de vidro foi o material mais reportado. A Europa foi o continente, e o Brasil, o país com maior número de citações. O escore altimétrico esteve presente em 23 artigos, com ênfase para dois artigos (43/6º e 73/7º). Concluiu-se que o cimento de ionômero de vidro foi o material mais estudado. Ficou evidente o distanciamento entre a posição dos trabalhos nas análises bibliométrica e altimétrica, apontando necessidade de disseminação da informação além dos círculos acadêmicos.

Currently, an arsenal of restorative materials is available for applicability in pediatric dentistry. The advances in restorative materials conducted to need for further studies in this thematic. The present study presents two investigation proposals: 1) Cross-sectional study aiming to evaluate the preference of parents and children regarding the use of colored compomer (Twinky Star®, Voco, Germany); 2) Bibliometric-altmetric study aiming to analyze the 50-most cited papers regarding to restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry and the dissemination of scientific information in online media. The cross-sectional study included 260 pairs of caregivers/children aged 5 to 11, in two public health services, in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte-MG. Examination for dental caries was performed by an examiner calibrated to the criteria of the World Health Organization. A dental mannequin containing colored compomers restorations and conventional materials (composite resin, glass ionomer cement and dental amalgam) was presented to the population and a survey was conducted about the preference of dental materials. Parents' Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Junior (EPQ-J) were applied, the last one only for parents/caregivers of children aged 5 to 6. Descriptive, bivariate and Poisson regression analyzes were performed. Most adults (74.2%) preferred conventional materials. Family income (p= 0.001) and education level (p< 0.001) were associated with its choice. Age up to 7 (p< 0.001) associated with children's choice for colored restorations (72.3%). Children younger than 7 had 1.20 higher probability to choose colored compomers than their older pairs, while adults with children younger than 7 and less than 11 years of schooling had 1.74 and 2.17 higher probability to choose colored compomers, respectively. It was concluded that caregivers with higher educational level showed greater resistance to use of colored restorations and children younger than 7 had better acceptance of colored material. The bibliometrics-altmetrics study adopted a search strategy in three databases (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar), independent of the year of publication. After selection of papers by a panel of five researchers, in March 2023, any restorative material used in deciduous teeth was included and data about the title, number of citations, country/continent, authorship, journal, design of the study, type of restorative material, university and altmetrics score were analyzed. The papers, published between 1991 and 2002, ranged from 19 to 113 citations. The authors with the highest number of citations were Qvist V and Teglers PT. The experimental study was the main study design observed. Analyzing the continent and country with the highest number of citations, Europe highlighted and Brazil was predominant. The altmetric score was present in 23 papers, emphasizing two articles (43/6th and 73/7th). It was concluded that glass ionomer cement was the most studied material. A gap between the position of the papers correlating the bibliometrics and altmetrics analyzes was evident, demonstrating the need to disseminate the information beyond academic circles.

Restoration of molars affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization using the occlusal replica technique / Restauração de molares afetados pela Hipomineralização Molar-Incisivo utilizando a técnica da réplica oclusal

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to report the clinical case of an 8-year-old male patient seen at the Pediatric Dentistry outpatient clinic at the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil, diagnosed with molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) after presenting with pain in teeth 16, 36, and 46, which had extensive atypical cavities and opacities on the adjacent enamel. A diagnostic wax-up of affected teeth was performed for manufacture of silicone occlusal matrix. Encapsulated high-viscosity glass ionomer cement was handled and inserted into the occlusal matrix which was fitted onto the teeth by slight finger pressure. After setting time, excess of material was removed, and occlusion was checked. A flowable resin coating material was applied, and the restorations were finished. Six months later, the restorations performed for treatment of the severe MIH lesions proved to be efficient, lowering the sensitivity reported by the patient, reshaping the teeth, improving their function, and refining dental esthetics.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso clínico de um paciente com diagnóstico de Hipomineralização de Molares e Incisivos (HMI). Paciente do sexo masculino, de 8 anos de idade, compareceu à clínica de Odontopediatria da Universidade Federal do Paraná com queixa de dor nos dentes 16, 36 e 46 - os quais apresentavam extensas cavitações atípicas com opacidades no esmalte adjacente. O enceramento diagnóstico dos dentes afetados foi realizado para a confecção das matrizes oclusais de silicone. Cimento ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade encapsulado foi manipulado e inserido na matriz oclusal, a qual foi encaixada sobre os dentes, exercendo-se leve pressão digital. Após a presa do material os excessos foram removidos e a oclusão foi checada. Aplicou-se uma camada de resina fluída de cobertura e as restaurações foram finalizadas. Após seis meses, as restaurações realizadas para tratar as lesões severas de HMI mostraram-se eficazes, reduzindo a sensibilidade relatada pelo paciente, além de reestabelecerem a anatomia, função e estética dentária.

Effect of liners on composite resin microleakage after selective carious lesion removal: an experimental study / Efecto de los recubrimiento en la microfiltración de resina compuesta después de la eliminación selectiva de lesiones cariosas: un estudio experimental

Objetive: To evaluate microleakage of composite resins (CR) placed over different cavitary liners after managing deep caries lesions through selective removal of soft carious tissue to soft dentin (SRCT-S). Material and Methods: Fifty four human teeth were collected for microleakage testing. Each assay comprised ICDAS 5 or ICDAS 6 carious lesions and sound teeth for controls. Sound teeth were prepared with cavities that mirrored the carious teeth cavities, which were prepared with SRCT-S. Sound and carious teeth were further randomly assigned to one of the three experimental groups: Group A: universal adhesive (UA) + CR, Group B: glass ionomer cement liner + UA + CR, and Group C: calcium hydroxide + UA+ CR. Occlusal microleakage (OM) and cervical microleakage (CM) was classified within one of 5 depth categories. ANOVA and Chi-square tests were computed (p<0.05). Results: OM and CM were similarly distributed across subgroups (p>0.05). All Group C samples with carious lesions presented some degree of microleakage. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between groups and within each group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Teeth restored with CR after SRCT-S using calcium hydroxide as a liner material seem to exhibit higher microleakage than those restored using glass ionomer or UA alone. Further clinical research is needed to deepen these findings. Clinical significance: The application of calcium hydroxide as a liner under a composite resin may reduce the longevity of a restoration after performing selective or partial removal of carious tissues. Clinicians should rethink the need of using calcium hydroxide for this application, albeit the lack of clinical evidence.

Objetivo: Evaluar la microfiltración de resinas compuestas (RC) colocadas sobre diferentes liners cavitarios después del manejo de lesiones de caries profundas mediante la remoción selectiva de tejido cariado blando hasta dentina blanda (SRCT-S). Material y Métodos: Se recolectaron 54 dientes humanos para pruebas de microfiltración. Cada ensayo comprendía lesiones cariosas ICDAS 5 o ICDAS 6 y dientes sanos para los controles. Se prepararon dientes sanos con cavidades que reflejaban las cavidades de los dientes cariados, que se prepararon con SRCT-S. Los dientes sanos y cariados se asignaron al azar a uno de los tres grupos experimentales: Grupo A: adhesivo universal (AU) + RC, Grupo B: revestimiento de cemento de ionómero de vidrio + AU + RC, y Grupo C: hidróxido de calcio + AU+ RC. La microfiltración oclusal (MO) y la microfiltración cervical (MC) se clasificaron dentro de una de las 5 categorías de profundidad. Se calcularon las pruebas ANOVA y Chi-cuadrado (p<0,05). Resultados: La MO y MC se distribuyeron de manera similar en los subgrupos (p> 0,05). Todas las muestras del Grupo C con lesiones cariosas presentaron algún grado de microfiltración. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre grupos y dentro de cada grupo (p>0,05). Conclusión: Los dientes restaurados con RC después de SRCT-S usando hidróxido de calcio como material de revestimiento parecen exhibir una mayor microfiltración que aquellos restaurados usando ionómero de vidrio o AU solo. Se necesita más investigación clínica para profundizar estos hallazgos. Relevancia clínica: la aplicación de hidróxido de calcio como revestimiento debajo de una resina compuesta puede reducir la longevidad de una restauración después de realizar la eliminación selectiva o parcial de los tejidos cariados. Los médicos deberían reconsiderar la necesidad de usar hidróxido de calcio para esta aplicación, aunque no haya evidencia clínica.

Effect of Color and Surface Roughness of Glass Ionomer Cements Submitted to Solutions Based on Ilex paraguariensis

ABSTRACT: The present study analyzed the color change (DE) and surface roughness (Ra) of glass ionomer cements (GICs) subjected to typical herbaceous South American beverage action - Ilex paraguariensis. 90 specimens (n = 10) were made: M1 - GIC Riva Light Cure® (SDI); M2 - GIC Riva Self Cure® (SDI); M3 - GIC Vitremer® (3M ESPE). After light curing/ polymerization of GICs, specimens were divided for being submitted to solutions for one hour a day for 21 days: S1 - Yerba Mate Pajarito Traditional (Pajarito); S2 - Erva Mate Chimarrão (Barão de Cotegipe); S3 - Water (control). Four DE and Ra readings were taken: T0 - initial; T1 - 7 days; T2 - 14 days and T3 - 21 days, with a spectrophotometer and a roughness meter respectively. The obtained data were submitted to ANOVA statistical analysis and Bonferroni. S1 and S2 at T1 and T2 there was no statistical difference between the materials, and at T3 Materials M1=M2, M1=M3, and M2>M3. For S3 at T1, T2 and T3 there was no difference between the materials. Analyzing surface roughness, there was no statistical significance. Concluded that all materials changed color with greater influence of time, but without changing surface roughness.

RESUMEN: En el presente estudio se analizó el cambio de color (DE) y la rugosidad superficial (Ra) de los cementos ionómero de vidrio (CIV) sometidos a la acción típica de las bebidas herbáceas sudamericanas - Ilex paraguariensis. Se realizaron 90 especímenes (n = 10): M1 - GIC Riva Light Cure® (SDI); M2 - GIC Riva Self Cure® (SDI); M3 - GIC Vitremer® (3M ESPE). Después de la fotopolimerización/ polimerización de los CIV, los especímenes se dividieron y fueron sometidos a soluciones durante una hora al día durante 21 días: S1 - Yerba Mate Pajarito Tradicional (Pajarito); S2 - Erva Mate Chimarrão (Barão de Cotegipe); S3 - Agua (control). Se tomaron cuatro lecturas de DE y Ra: T0 - inicial; T1 - 7 días; T2 - 14 días y T3 - 21 días, con espectrofotómetro y rugosímetro respectivamente. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico ANOVA y Bonferroni. S1 y S2 en T1 y T2 no hubo diferencia estadística entre los materiales y en T3 Materiales M1=M2, M1=M3 y M2>M3. Para S3 en T1, T2 y T3 no hubo diferencia entre los materiales. Al analizar la rugosidad de la superficie, no hubo significación estadística. En conclusion, todos los materiales cambiaron de color con mayor influencia del tiempo, pero sin cambiar la rugosidad de la superficie.

Glass ionomer heated or not to identify bone defect created in rat calvaria / Ionômero de vidro aquecido ou não para identificação de defeitos ósseos criados em calvárias de ratos

Introduction: Some experimental models have been used to evaluate the use of biomaterials in bone regeneration. Among them are the critical size defects (CSD) created in rat calvaria. An experimental model has been described in the literature, in which "L" markings are performed on the margins of the bone defects in order to assist in the precise identification of these defects during laboratory processing and analysis of the results. In the proposed model, the "L" markings are filled with amalgam. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the amalgam replacement of an experimental bony defect model in rat calvaria by heated or unheated glass ionomer. Material and method: 24 rats were used. A 5 mm CSD was created at each animal calvaria. Two "L" shaped markings were made 2 mm from the margins of the bone defect, filled with amalgam (Group AM), heated glass ionomer cement (Group GIh) or not (Group GI). The animals were euthanized 15 days postoperatively. The areas of the surgical defect and the L-shaped marking were histomorphometrically analyzed and the data were analyzed statistically (p <0.05). Result: There were no significant clinical, histological or methodological differences among the experimental groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that GI can replace AM in the proposed experimental model and GI heating did not promote additional benefits.

Introdução: Alguns modelos experimentais têm sido usados para avaliar o uso de biomateriais na regeneração óssea. Entre eles estão os defeitos de tamanho crítico (DTC) criados em calvárias de ratos. Um modelo experimental foi descrito na literatura onde marcações em L são realizadas nas margens do defeito ósseo para auxiliar na identificação precisa desses defeitos durante o processamento laboratorial e análise dos resultados. No modelo experimental proposto, as marcações em "L" são preenchidas com amálgama. Objetivo: Avaliar a substituição do amálgama por ionômero de vidro aquecido ou não em um modelo experimental para identificação de defeito ósseo criado em calvária de ratos. Material e método: Foram utilizados 24 ratos. Um DTC de 5 mm de diâmetro foi criado na calvária de cada animal. Duas marcações em "L" foram realizadas a 2 mm das margens do defeito ósseo, preenchidas com amálgama (Grupo AM), ionômero de vidro aquecido (Grupo CIVaq) ou não (Grupo CIV). Os animais foram eutanasiados aos 15 dias pós-operatórios. A área do defeito cirúrgico e das marcações em "L" foram histomorfometricamente avaliadas e os dados estatisticamente analisados (p<0,05). Resultado: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos experimentais para as análises metodológicas, clínicas ou histomorfométrica realizadas. Conclusão: Dentro dos limites deste estudo, pode-se concluir que CIV pode substituir o AM no modelo experimental proposto e o aquecimento do CIV não promoveu benefícios adicionais.

Pulp vitality of primary molars with deep caries treated with ART restorations: 2-year RCT

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the pulp vitality of primary teeth with deep caries treated with two restorative techniques. The restoration survival rate was also evaluated as a secondary outcome. Children aged from 4 to 8 years with at least one deep carious lesion in molars were selected at the Ibirapuera University dental clinic. One hundred and eight deciduous molars were allocated into two groups: (1) restoration with calcium hydroxide cement lining followed by filling with high-viscosity glass ionomer cement (CHC+HVGIC) or (2) restoration with HVGIC. Pulp vitality and restoration survival were evaluated at 6, 12, and 24 months. Intent-to-treat analysis was used for pulp vitality, and survival analysis was performed with the Kaplan-Meier method (α=5%). Results: At 24 months, 86 restorations were evaluated, and 91 were evaluated at least once during the study. There was no significant difference between the restorative treatments regarding pulp vitality (CHC +HVGIC=70% and HVGIC=68.5%) (OR=1.091; CI95%=0.481-2.475). However, HVGIC (73%) restorations showed a higher survival rate than CHC+HVGIC (50%) (p=0.021). Thus, it can conclude that deep caries in primary molars should be restored with HVGIC, since the technique results in similar pulp vitality to the CHC +HVGIC, but with a higher restoration survival rate.

Diametral tensile strength of conventional glass ionomer cements with modified powder ratio for uses in atraumatic restorative treatment / Resistência à tração diametral de cimentos de ionômero de vidro convencionais modificados na razão de pó para uso em tratamento restaurador atraumático

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the diametral tensile strength of Brazilian brands of conventional glass ionomer cements (GIC) when modified powder ratio in their composition compared to each other, and with high viscosity glass ionomer cement for Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). Methods: Experimental study with five groups (n=10 each) and specimens (2.5 mm in height and 5.0 mm in diameter), considering G1 (Maxxion R-MR), G2 (Vidrion R-VR) and G3 Vitro molar (VM-control) according to manufacturer recommending powder/liquid (1:1), G4 (MR) and G5 (VR) plus powder (2:1). The specimens were stored in an oven at 37 ± 1 ° C for 1 day. Diametral Tensile Test was performed by the Instron model 4444. Means differences were tested by Student´s T-Test (α = 5%). Results: There significant differences were in the means (standard deviation) of diametral tensile strength of MR (1:1) 4.24 (±1.47) and MR (2:1), 5.74 (±1.51) (p=0.039) and VR (1:1) 4.50 (±1.27) and VR (2:1) 6.20 (±1.89) (p=0.029). When comparing MR and VR (2:1) with MV (1:1) 4.82 (±1.17), VR 2: 1, 6.20 (±1.89) showed significant differences (p=0.0336). Conclusion: There was a significant increase in the means of diametral tensile strength of Brazilian brands conventional GICs when powder increment, approaching the performance observed by the high viscosity GIC.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a resistência à tração diametral de marcas nacionais de cimentos de ionômero de vidro (CIV) convencionais quando acrescidos de pó em sua composição comparados entre si e com cimento de ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade para Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (TRA). Métodos: Pesquisa experimental com cinco grupos (n=10 cada) e confeccionados corpos de prova (2,5 mm de altura e 5,0 mm de diâmetro), considerando G1 (Maxxion R/FGM-MR), G2 (Vidrion R/SS White-VR) e G3 Vitro molar (DFL-VM-controle) manipulados segundo fabricante pó/líquido (1:1), G4 (MR) e G5 (VR) acrescidos de pó (2:1). Os espécimes foram armazenados em estufa a 37 ± 1° C por 1 dia. Teste de Tração Diametral foi realizado pelo equipamento Instron modelo 4444. As diferenças das médias foram testadas pelo Test T de Student (α=5%). Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas das médias (desvio-padrão) de resistência à tração diametral de MR (1:1) 4,24 (±1,47) e MR (2:1), 5,74(±1,51) (p=0,039) e VR (1:1) 4,50 (±1,27) e VR (2:1) 6,20(± 1,89) (p=0,029). Quando da comparação entre MR e VR (2:1) com VM (1:1) 4,82(±1,17), VR 2:1, 6,20 (±1,89) apresentou média superior e significante (p=0,0336). Conclusão: Observou-se aumento significativo nas médias de resistência mecânica à tração diametral dos CIVs convencionais nacionais a partir do incremento de pó, aproximando-se do desempenho observado pelo CIV de alta viscosidade.

Influence of fluoride-releasing materials in the inhibition of enamel and dentin demineralization around restorations / Influência de materiais liberadores de flúor na inibição da desmineralização do esmalte e da dentina ao redor de restaurações

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the influence of fluoride-releasing restorative materials in enamel and dentin microhardness. Material and Methods: 40 blocks (5x5x3 mm) from cervical third of human molars received a cavity preparation between the enamel and dentin, and the restorations were subjected to in vitro caries model. Specimens were randomly restored with (n=10): conventional glass ionomer cement (Ketac Cem, 3M ESPE); polyacid-modified composite resin (Ionoseal, VOCO); resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Ionofast, Biodinâmica); or microhybrid composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). The specimens were sectioned longitudinally and enamel and dentin Knoop microhardness were determined at different distances from the restorative material (100, 200 and 300 µm) and depth of surface (20, 40 and 60 µm). The data were submitted to three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey ́s test ( α =0.05). Results: For enamel, the double interactions between material x distance and material x depth were statistically significant. In all depths and distances, the highest values of enamel microhardness were observed for Ketac Cem. In dentin, the materials differed statistically from each other, and Ionoseal obtained higher microhardness values than those found in Ionofast. Conclusion: Conventional glass ionomer cement is more effective in preventing enamel demineralization around restoration followed by the polyacid-modified composite resin. In dentin, the polyacid-modified composite resin obtained better performance than resin-modified glass ionomer cement. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar a influência de materiais restauradores liberadores de flúor na microdureza do esmalte e da dentina. Material e Métodos: 40 blocos (5x5x3 mm) do terço cervical de molares humanos receberam preparo cavitário entre esmalte e dentina, e após a restauração foram submetidas a um modelo in vitro de cárie. As amostras foram restauradas aleatoriamente com (n=10): cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional (Ketac Cem, 3M ESPE); resina composta modificada por poliácidos (Ionoseal, VOCO); cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (Ionofast, Biodinâmica); ou resina composta microhíbrida (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). As amostras foram seccionadas longitudinalmente e a microdureza Knoop de esmalte e dentina foi determinada em diferentes distâncias do material restaurador (100, 200 e 300 µm) e profundidade de superfície (20, 40 e 60 µm). Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA para medidas repetidas de três fatores e teste de Tukey (α =0,05). Resultados: Para o esmalte, as duplas interações entre material x distância e material x profundidade foram estatisticamente significativas. Em todas as profundidades e distâncias, os maiores valores de microdureza do esmalte foram observados para o Ketac Cem. Na dentina, Ionoseal obteve valores de microdureza superiores aos encontrados no Ionofast. Conclusão:O cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional é mais eficaz na prevenção da desmineralização do esmalte ao redor da restauração, seguido pela resina composta modificada por poliácidos. Na dentina, a resina composta modificada por poliácidos obteve melhor desempenho que o cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina. (AU)

Avaliação das taxas de sucesso de restaurações com cimento de ionômero de vidro de alta viscosidade durante o tratamento restaurador atraumático: uma revisão de escopo / Assessment of the success rates of high viscosity glass ionomer cement restorations in atraumatic restorative treatment: a scoping review

Objetivo: Esta revisão de escopo teve como objetivo comparar a taxa de sucesso de restaurações confeccionadas com cinco marcas diferentes de Cimento de Ionômero de Vidro de Alta Viscosidade (CIVAV), referência no Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (Atraumatic Restorative Treatment-ART).Métodos: Buscas no PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science foram feitas. Buscas no OpenGrey e no Google Scholar também foram feitas. Critérios de inclusão foram estudos (ensaios clínicos e estudos de acompanhamento) que avaliavam a taxa de sucesso de restaurações confeccionadas com CIVAV. Não houve restrição de idioma ou data. Título/resumo e texto completo das referências encontradas foram avaliados por dois autores. Referências que preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram selecionadas. Extração de dados foi feita. Modelos de regressão de Cox foram idealizados para comparação da probabilidade de sucesso das restaurações com diferentes tipos de CIVAV. Os resultados foram relatados em razão das chances (RC) e intervalos de confiança (IC). Análises de Kaplan Meyer foram feitas para o cálculo da probabilidade de sucesso de restaurações com CIVAV. Resultados: Nove artigos avaliando o ChemFil Rock, ChemFlex, Equia Fil, Ketac Molar ou Fuji IX foram incluídos. Restaurações com cimentos de ionômero de vidro Fuji IX (RC = 3,51; IC = 1,96 ­ 6,28), Ketac Molar (RC = 4,01; IC = 2,40-6,68) e ChemFlex (RC = 4,20; IC = 1,01-17,66) apresentaram uma taxa de sucesso significativamente maior do que aquelas com ChemFil Rock. EquiaFil alcançou a segunda menor eficácia, ligeiramente maior que o ChemFil Rock. Conclusão:Restaurações com Fuji IX, Ketac Molar e ChemFlex apresentaram altas taxas de sucesso ao longo do tempo de avaliação do ART.

Aim: This scoping review aimed to compare the success rate of restorations using five different brands of High Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement (HVGIC), reference material in Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). Methods: Searches were carried out in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. OpenGrey and Google Scholar searches were also performed. Inclusion criteria were studies (clinical trials and follow-up studies) that evaluated the success of restorations using HVGIC. Title, abstract, and full text of the references were evaluated by two authors. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were included. Data extraction was performed. Cox regression models were created to compare the success rate of restorations produced with different types of HVGIC. The results were reported as odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI). Kaplan Meyer analyses were performed to calculate the HVGIC restorations' probability of success.Results: Nine articles evaluating ChemFil Rock, ChemFlex, Equia Fil, Ketac Molar, or Fuji IX were included. Restorations with glass ionomer cements Fuji IX (OR = 3.51; CI = 1.96 - 6.28), Ketac Molar (OR = 4.01; CI = 2.40-6.68), and ChemFlex (OR = 4.20; CI = 1.01-17.66) had a significantly higher success rate than those with ChemFil Rock. EquiaFil achieved the second lowest efficacy, slightly higher than ChemFil Rock.Conclusion: Restorations with Fuji IX, Ketac Molar, and ChemFlex showed high success rates over the ART evaluation time.

Cytotoxicity Comparison of a Calcium Silicate-Based Resin Cement versus Conventional Self-Adhesive Resin Cement and a Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer: Cell Viability Analysis

Abstract Objective: To compare the cytotoxicity level of a new calcium silicate-based resin cement (TheraCem) with two commonly used cements, including a conventional self-adhesive resin cement (Panavia SA) and a resinmodified glass ionomer cement (FujiCem2), on the human gingival fibroblast cells after 24 and 48 hours. Material and Methods: Twelve discs of each cement type were fabricated. The extract of cement disks was made by incubating them in the cell medium. Human gingival fibroblast cells were cultured and exposed to cement extracts for 24 h and 48 h. MTT assay was performed on extracts and optical density and cell viability rates were calculated by the spectrophotometer device at 570 nm. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. Results: The cell viability rates after 24 hours and 48 hours were as follows: TheraCem: 89.24% and 85.46%, Panavia SA: 49.51% and 46.57% and FujiCem2: 50.63% and 47.36%. TheraCem represented the highest cell viability rate. However, no significant difference was noted between Panavia SA and FujiCem2. Time had no significant effect on cell viability. Conclusion: TheraCem exhibited the best results among three tested cements and was considered non-toxic. Panavia SA and FujiCem2 were not significantly different regarding the cell viability rate. Time had no significant effect on the cytotoxicity level of cements (AU).

TiO2 nanotube-containing glass ionomer cements display reduced aluminum release rates

Abstract Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2-nts) were incorporated into a glass ionomer cement (GIC) with improved mechanical properties and antibacterial activity. The aims of the present in vitro study were to define the elemental characterization, aluminum (Al) release rate, and initial working time for GIC reinforced with TiO2-nts, in an experimental caries model. TiO2-nts were incorporated into GIC powder components at 5% by weight, and compared with unblended GIC. Experimental approaches used energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), and brightness loss to define surface element properties, Al release rates, and initial working time, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by 2-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, generalized linear models, and Student's t test (a = 0.05). EDS data analysis revealed that TiO2-nts incorporated into GIC had no significant impact on the typical elemental composition of GICs in an in vitro caries model. Regarding the demineralizing solution, GIC with TiO2-nt significantly decreased the Al release rate, compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). Moreover, TiO2-nt incorporated into GIC did not alter the initial working time of the material (p > 0.05). These findings add information to our scientific body of knowledge concerning the potential impact of TiO2-nt on the performance of conventional GICs.

Restaurações diretas com materiais bioativos: observações clínicas, in vitro e revisão sistemática / Direct restorations with bioactive materials: clinical observations, in vitro and systematic review

O objetivo do ensaio clínico foi avaliar o desempenho clínico de 2 materiais bioativos (Cention N e EQUIA Forte) em comparação a resina composta. O estudo in vitro teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de lesões de cárie induzida por desafio cariogênico bacteriano na margem de restaurações em esmalte e dentina com Cention N com e sem adesivo, EQUIA Forte e resina composta. A revisão sistemática teve como objetivo responder a seguinte pergunta: A avaliação clínica de restaurações em dentes permanentes com materiais bioativos evidencia maior sucesso do que restaurações com materiais não bioativos? Para o estudo clínico foram selecionados 120 participantes aleatoriamente divididos em 3 grupos (n=40), TC: Tetric N-Ceram, EF: EQUIA Forte, CN: Cention N. O preenchimento das cavidades foi realizado seguindo as indicações do fabricante. Foi utilizado o dispositivo de fluorescência DIAGNOdentTM Pen para avaliação da recorrência de cárie. No estudo in vitro foram confeccionados 100 espécimes a partir de dentes bovinos. Foram divididos em 5 grupos (n=20) metade em esmalte e metade em dentina: Cention N sem adesivo (CN), Cention N com adesivo (CA), EQUIA Forte (EF); Tetric N-Ceram (TC); e sem restauração (SR). Foram submetidos a envelhecimento térmico; leitura de microdureza Knoop (KHN) inicial, esterilizados e expostos a um desafio cariogênico com Streptococcus mutans por 28 dias. Lesões de cárie artificial foi quantificado por meio de KHN superficial e de subsuperfície, e análise com microscopia de luz polarizada. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA 1 fator e teste Tukey no esmalte e teste de Kruskal-Wallis na dentina. Em esmalte os grupos EF, CN, CA apresentaram menor porcentagem de perda da microdureza (%PMS) 57,85%, 63,88% e 66,65% respectivamente. Na dentina, EF, CN e CA apresentaram menores valores de %PMD sendo 31,7%, 34,1% e 40,8% respectivamente. Os valores mais altos de %PMS foram registrados para os grupos TC e SR tanto na dentina como no esmalte. Na revisão sistemática, com base na pergunta de pesquisa e estratégia PICO: P- Dentes permanentes, I- Restaurações (classe I, classe II, classe III, classe V) com materiais bioativos, C- Restauração com materiais não bioativos, O- Retenção; foi traçada a estratégia de busca. Após a obtenção dos estudos eles foram analisados por dois revisores independentes. No total foram 27 ensaios clínicos randomizados, com acompanhamento mínimo de 2 anos, foram os qualificados para realizar a revisão e meta-análise em rede. Os resultados de meta-análise em rede mostraram que em cavidades classe III cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado (CIV modificado), foi significativamente mais propenso a falhas do que a resina composta (RC), em restaurações classe I e II, o compômero foi significativamente mais propenso a falhas do que a RC e em restaurações classe V o cimento de ionômero convencional (CIV convencional) foi significativamente mais propenso a falhas do que o CIV modificado. No estudo in vitro foi evidente o maior potencial de inibição da desmineralização dos materiais bioativos. Na revisão sistemática ficou evidente que a maioria de materiais bioativos apresentam um bom comportamento, em relação as taxas de retenção e desempenho clínico. (AU)

The objective of the clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical performance of 2 bioactive materials (Cention N and EQUIA Forte) compared to composite resin. The in vitro study aimed to evaluate the development of caries lesions induced by bacterial cariogenic challenge at the margin of enamel and dentin restorations with Cention N with and without adhesive, EQUIA Forte and composite resin. The systematic review aimed to answer the following question: Does the clinical evaluation of restorations in permanent teeth with bioactive materials show greater success than restorations with nonbioactive materials? For the clinical study, 120 participants were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups (n=40), TC: Tetric N-Ceram, EF: EQUIA Forte, CN: Cention N. The filling of the cavities was performed following the manufacturer's instructions. The DIAGNOdentTM Pen fluorescence device was used to assess caries recurrence. In the in vitro study, 100 specimens were made from bovine teeth. They were divided into 5 groups (n=20) half in enamel and half in dentin: Cention N without adhesive (CN), Cention N with adhesive (CA), EQUIA Forte (EF); Tetric N-Ceram (TC); and without restoration (SR). They were subjected to thermal aging; initial Knoop microhardness (KHN) reading, sterilized and exposed to a cariogenic challenge with Streptococcus mutans for 28 days. Artificial caries lesions were quantified using surface and subsurface KHN and analysis with polarized light microscopy. Data were submitted to 1-way ANOVA and Tukey test on enamel and Kruskal-Wallis test on dentin. In enamel, groups EF, CN, CA had the lowest percentage of microhardness loss (%PMS) 57.85%, 63.88% and 66.65% respectively. In dentin, EF, CN and CA presented lower %PMD values, being 31.7%, 34.1% and 40.8% respectively. The highest %PMS values were recorded for the TC and SR groups in both dentin and enamel. In the systematic review, based on the research question and PICO strategy: P- Permanent teeth, I- Restorations (class I, class II, class III, class V) with bioactive materials, C- Restoration with non-bioactive materials, O- Retention; the search strategy was designed. After obtaining the studies, they were analyzed by two independent reviewers. In total, 27 randomized clinical trials, with a minimum followup of 2 years, were qualified to perform the review and network meta-analysis. The results of network meta-analysis showed that in class III cavities modified glass ionomer cement (modified GIC) was significantly more prone to failure than composite resin (RC), in class I and II restorations, the compomer was significantly more prone to failure than RC and in class V restorations the conventional ionomer cement (conventional GIC) was significantly more prone to failure than the modified GIC. In the in vitro study, the greatest potential for inhibiting the demineralization of bioactive materials was evident. In the systematic review it was evident that most bioactive materials have a good behavior in relation to retention rates and clinical performance (AU).

Comparison of microleakage of an alkasite restorative material, a composite resin and a resin-modified glass ionomer

Aim: To compare the microleakage of Cention N, a subgroup of composite resins with a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) and a composite resin. Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 46 extracted human molars. The teeth were randomly assigned to four groups. Group A: Tetric N-Bond etch-and-rinse adhesive and Tetric N-Ceram nanohybrid composite resin, group B: Cention N without adhesive, group C: Cention N with adhesive, and group D: Fuji II LC RMGI. The teeth were thermocycled between 5°-55°C (×10,000). The teeth were coated with two layers of nail vanish except for 1 mm around the restoration margins, and immersed in 2% methylene blue (37°C, 24 h) before buccolingual sectioning to evaluate dye penetration under a stereomicroscope (×20). The data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests (α=0.05). Results: Type of material and restoration margin had significant effects on the microleakage (p<0.05). Dentin margins showed a higher leakage score in all groups. Cention N and RMGI groups showed significant differences at the enamel margin (p=0.025, p=0.011), and for the latter group the scores were higher. No significant difference was found at the dentin margins between the materials except between Cention N with adhesive and RMGI (p=0.031). Conclusion: Microleakage was evident in all three restorative materials. Cention N groups showed similar microleakage scores to the composite resin and displayed lower microleakage scores compared with RMGI

Expiration Date Effect on Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Glass Ionomer Cements

ABSTRACT: The glass ionomer cements (GICs) is a generic name given to a group of materials widely used in clinical dentistry which if used after the specified expiration date, material properties may be affected. to evaluate the Vick ers microhardness, surface morphology and the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), of GICs with different expiration dates that were stored at room temperature. specimens of highly viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC) (Ketac Cem and Ketac Molar) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (Vitrebond) with different expiration dates (current, close to their expiration and expired) were prepared for Vickers microhardness test and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) with EDX, measuring 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm length, per the manufacturer's instructions, in standard cylindrical teflon molds. For the comparison of obtained values, the ANOVA test was used, while Tukey test was used for the multiple comparisons. In all the GICs used, the microhardness decreased as the expiration date approached, finding a significant statistical differen ce (P<0.05) in Ketac Molar and Vitrebond. SEM sample analysis revealed similar cohesive cracks in all tested materials. The EDX analysis revealed the presence of the elements F, Al and Si in all GICs and Ca only in Ketac Molar and Ketac Cem. The elements were found in a higher atomic percentage in the GICs with an current date and in a lower percentage in those with an expired date. HVGIC and RMGIC with an expiration date finish and that were stored at room temperature, suffer significant physical and chemical changes, which could put doubts its clinical effectiveness.

RESUMEN: El cemento de ionómero de vidrio (CIV) es un nombre genérico que se le da a un grupo de materiales ampliamente utilizados en odontología clínica que si se usan después de la fecha de vencimiento especificada, las propiedades del material pueden verse afectadas. evaluar la microdureza Vickers, la morfología superficial y el microanálisis de energía dispersa de rayos X (EDX), de CIV con diferentes fechas de caducidad almacenados a temperatura ambiente. Muestras de cemento de ionómero de vidrio de alta viscosidad (CIVAV) (Ketac Cem y Ketac Molar) y cemento de ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina (CIVMR) (Vitrebond) con diferentes fechas de vencimiento (vigente, próximo a su vencimiento y vencido) de 5 x 2 mm, fueron preparadas para microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) con EDX y microdureza Vickers, según las instrucciones del fabricante, en moldes de teflón cilíndricos estándar. Para la comparación de los valores obtenidos se utilizó la prueba ANOVA, mientras que para las comparaciones múltiples se utilizó la prueba de Tukey. En todos los CIV utilizados, la microdureza disminuyó a medida que se acercaba la fecha de vencimiento, encontrándose una diferencia estadística significativa (P <0.05) en Ketac Molar y Vitrebond. El análisis de la muestra en MEB reveló grietas cohesivas similares en todos los materiales probados. El análisis EDX reveló la presencia de los elementos F, Al y Si en todos los GIC y Ca solo en Ketac Molar y Ketac Cem. Los elementos se encontraron en mayor porcentaje atómico en los GIC con fecha vigente y en menor porcentaje en aquellos con una fecha vencida. Los CIVAV y CIVMR con fecha de caducidad vencida y que fueron alma- cenados a temperatura ambiente, sufrieron cambios físicos y químicos importantes, lo que podría poner en duda su efectividad clínica.

Evaluación clínica de acondicionamiento dentinario y presentaciones de ionómeros fotoactivados en odontopediatría / Clinical evaluation of dentin conditioning and different presentations of light cured glass ionomer in primary dentition

Objetivo: Comparar clínicamente el comportamiento, el tiempo operatorio requerido, el costo y la dificultad de diferentes técnicas de restauración en piezas primarias, empleando ionómero vítreo fotoactivado (IVF) polvo/líquido, con y sin uso de acondicionamiento dentinario, y en cápsulas, con acondicionamiento. Materiales y métodos: El diseño de este estudio fue experimental y comparativo. Se realizaron, en 18 pacientes de 7±2 años, 33 restauraciones con IVF de una o más piezas primarias vitales con lesiones amelodentinarias en 1 o 2 superficies. Según su día de concurrencia a la Cátedra de Odontología Integral Niños, se empleó: A) IVF polvo/líquido, con acondicionamiento (3M™ VitremerTM); B) IVF polvo/líquido, sin acondicionamiento (3M™ VitremerTM); y C) IVF en cápsulas, con acondicionamiento (Riva Light Cure). Las restauraciones fueron evaluadas clínicamente al inicio y a los 12 meses según los siguientes criterios: pérdida total, pérdida total con caries, requerimiento de reemplazo por pérdida parcial, requerimiento de reemplazo por caries, aceptable con deterioro, en condiciones. El grado de dificultad se analizó utilizando una planilla diseñada para tal fin. El tiempo operatorio requerido se midió sin considerar el tiempo de inserción. Resultados: El tiempo operatorio requerido fue de 2 minutos, 15 segundos en A; 1 minuto, 25 segundos en B; y 1 minuto, 10 segundos en C, sin considerar el tiempo de inserción. El costo fue 61,11% mayor para C. La dificultad fue de 3,2±0,6 para A y B, y de 1,5±0,7 para C (ANOVA; P<0,001). El comportamiento clínico no registró diferencias significativas entre los grupos (Fisher; P=0,339). Conclusión: Los ionómeros de restauración fotoactivados encapsulados utilizados en este estudio presentaron menor dificultad de manipulación, mayor costo y similar comportamiento clínico a un año que las presentaciones polvo-líquido, con o sin uso de acondicionamiento previo en piezas primarias (AU)

Aim: To assess the clinical performance, operative time required, cost and technical difficulties of different restorative techniques in primary teeth, using light cured glass ionomers (LCG), powder/liquid, with and without dentin conditioning and light cured glass ionomer in capsules with conditioning. Materials and methods: The design of this study was experimental and comparative. 33 restorations with LCG were performed in 18 patients, 7 ± 2-years-old, in one or more vital primary teeth with carious lesions involving one or more tooth surfaces. Patients were assigned to one of the three groups according to the day of the week in which they attended to the Pediatric Department of the Dental School: A) LCG powder/liquid, with conditioning (3M™ VitremerTM); B) LCG powder/liquid without conditioning (3M™ VitremerTM); and C) LCG in capsules with conditioning (Riva Light Cure). The restorations were clinically evaluated at baseline and after 12 months according to the following criteria: complete loss of the restoration, complete loss with caries, need of replacement because of partial loss, need of replacement because of caries, good condition with some wear and good condition. Technical difficulties were analyzed using a data sheet designed for that purpose. The operative time required was evaluated without considering the insertion time. Results: Time operative time required was 2 minutes 15 seconds in A, 1 minute 25 seconds in B and 1 minute 10 seconds in C. Cost was 61.11% higher for C. Difficulty was 3.2±0.6 for A and B and 1.5±0.7 for C (ANOVA; P<0.001). No significant differences were observed among the three groups in relation to the clinical performance (Fisher; P=0.339). Conclusions: In these 12 months, study in primary teeth, the light cured glass ionomers used dispensed in capsules showed to be the easiest to handle, had higher cost and similar clinical performance than the powder liquid presentations with and without dentin conditioner (AU)

Liberación del ion flúor de un cemento de ionómero vítreo modificado con extracto etanólico de propóleo / Liberation of the fluoride ion from a vitreous ion cement modified with ethanol extract of propolis

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la liberación de flavonoides y flúor en probetas de ionómero vítreo convencional tipo II modificado con extracto de propóleo. Métodos. Fueron utilizadas 60 unidades de análisis. El extracto etanólico de propóleo al 2% fue incorporado a un ionómero vítreo tipo II. Para la determinación de la liberación de flavonoides el laboratorio analizó la concentración de quercetina por ml de solución, sea agua destilada o solución fisiológica durante un periodo de 5 días. Resultados. Hubo liberación inicial de 0,40 mg/ml de flúor en solución fisiológica y de 0,35 mg/ml de flúor en agua destilada, y una liberación final de 0 mg/ml de flavonoides y de flúor en solución fisiológica y de 0,18 mg/ml de flúor en solución de agua destilada. Conclusiones. La liberación de flúor y flavonoides se produce en mayor concentración en las primeras horas, decreciendo a medida que pasan las horas.

Objective. The objective of this study was to quantify the release of flavonoids and fluoride in test tubes of conventional type II vitreous ionomer modified with propolis extract. Methods. Sixty units of analysis were used. The 2% propolis ethanolic extract was incor- porated into a type II glass ionomer. To determine the release of flavonoids, the laboratory analyzed the concentration of quercetin per ml of solution, either distilled water or physiological solution, during a period of 5 days. Results. There was an initial release of 0.40 mg/ml of fluorine in physiological solution and 0.35 mg / ml of fluorine in distilled water, and a final release of 0 mg/ml of flavonoids and fluorine in physiological solution and of 0,18 mg/ml of fluorine in distilled water solution. Conclusions. The release of fluoride and flavonoids occurs in greater concentration in the first hours, decreasing as the hours go by.

Effect of Resin Coating on Surface Roughness and Microhardness of High Viscous Glass Ionomer Cements

ABSTRACT@#High viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC) was recently developed for atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). However, its moisture sensitivity remains a limitation thus protective coating application is recommended. This study investigated the effect of resin coating on the surface roughness and microhardness of two HVGICs (Riva Self Cure HVGIC [RV] and Equia® Forte Fil [EQ]) conditioned in food-simulating liquids (FSLs). Fifty standard disc-shaped samples were fabricated using customised stainless-steel mould (10 × 2 mm). Coating was applied on top surface of all samples and subsequently divided into five groups: air (control), distilled water, 0.02 N citric acid, heptane and 50% ethanol-water solution. The samples were conditioned in FSLs at 37°C for seven days. Subsequently, the surface roughness and microhardness of samples were measured using optical profilometry and microhardness tester, respectively. SEM analysis was done for qualitative observation of surface morphological changes. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and posthoc Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Interestingly, the results revealed that surface roughness was significantly influenced by FSLs immersion, presence of coating and the materials itself (p < 0.001). The lowest surface roughness was found on control coated samples: RV (50.98±4.25) nm and EQ (62.77±3.92) nm, while the highest values seen on uncoated surfaces in citric acid: RV (505.26±31.10) nm and EQ (350.33±15.36) nm. RV samples had the lowest microhardness of 54.97±2.48 Vickers hardness number (VHN) post-immersion in citric acid. In conclusion, with the exception of RV conditioned in heptane and ethanol, the uncoated HVGICs generally had higher surface roughness than the coated HVGICs. HVGICs conditioned in citric acid showed the most significant increase in surface roughness and reduction in microhardness.